Bataille au sommet (part two)
5- Comment BUUNK & NAUTA et CARVER & SCHEIER apportent finalement de l'eau au moulin de DECI & RYAN (oh oh ! de mieux en mieux !) :
"The same general issue appeared in Carver and Scheier's suggestion that sociopaths could be autonomous in their deceitful or selfish actions. A wealth of clinical observations attests to the fact that the behaviors of antisocial personalities are not typically autonomous in the sense of being volitional, integrated expressions of the self - indeed they are often impulsive, poorly coordinated, and relatively unregulated by self-reflection. Further, evidence is clear that most persons with antisocial personality have histories involving serious need thwarting during their development. Indeed, it shows, consistent with SDT, that teenagers diagnosed with conduct disorders are likely to have come from homes characterized by excessive control, and low nurturance and warmth (T. Kasser et al., 1995). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV] American Psychiatric Association, 1994) specifically cites parental abuse, neglect, and inconsistent discipline as etiological factors, attesting to the need deficits antisocial individuals have typically faced. Thus, as was the case with Buunk and Nauta' s examples, this example from Carver and Scheier turns out, when carefully examined, to support rather than contradict SDT's position." (DECI, 2000, pp. 339)
6- L'art de négliger les résultats obtenus par soi-même pour mieux enfoncer son adversaire serait apparemment assez répandue ! Du moins dans plusieurs équipes de chercheurs (nooonnn !) :
"Despite this emphasis, four sets of commentators (Andersen et al.; Sansone et al.; Vallerand; Van Lange) either take issue with our statement that relatedness is not proximally necessary for intrinsic motivation in some situations or suggested that relatedness is more important than we indicated. Consider first the proximal necessity of relatedness for intrinsic motivation. Countless studies of intrinsic motivation, some even done by Sansone and colleagues and by Vallerand and colleagues, show high levels of intrinsic motivation in situations in which people worked alone on interesting activities experiencing no relatedness with peers and probably little with the experimenter. It is perhaps because these were the types of studies that dominated the field during the 1970s and early 1980s that relatedness was not linked to intrinsic motivation until later. Our point is that, although we have seen instances of high levels of intrinsic motivation in situations in which there were not proximal supports for relatedness, we have never found instances of people sustaining a high level of intrinsic motivation when they do not experience competence and autonomy. Thus, although some studies indicated that interacting with others and feeling related to them can contribute to intrinsic motivation in various situations, it is also important to recognize that, although people are indeed social animals, they can also have moments of centeredness, excitement, and flow, when engaged in solitary activities." (DECI, 2000, pp. 341)
7- Du bord politique des chercheurs en psychologie et de l'influence sur leurs contributions... BUUNK & NAUTA dans le colimateur ?
"Psychology, Social Responsibility, and Politics. As psychologists, we believe strongly that it is our responsibility not only to undercover and detail basic psychological phenomena but also to consider the relevance of these phenomena for improving the human condition. That belief does not lead us to value-applied research over basic research; indeed, quite the contrary. Nonetheless, we do place value on knowledge that has implications for structuring social circumstances to facilitate wellness or prevent illness, for intervening with oneself through processes such as awareness to accomplish one's goals or to feel more vital, or for informing public policy concerning the well-being of cultures. In part this is simply Baconian logic - the proof of a theory's validity lies in its predictive and practical value.
This belief was the basis for a somewhat critical comment we made about TMT in the target article and for some similar comments herein. Our comment about TMT, in turn, prompted Buunk and Nauta to state that they are "somewhat concerned about the political agenda that researchers working on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation sometimes seem to have" (this issue), apparently interpreting our agenda as anticapitalist. They cite our calling for research that can be used to facilitate "positive social change" and "promote human growth and well-being" (this issue) as examples of the political agendas they find distasteful. Remarkably, after they suggest that it was inappropriate for us to judge a theory in part on the basis of whether it has potential relevance for positive change, they go on to sing the praises of "rigidly following extrinsic motivation, that is, the desire to make money" (this issue) as the route to "people's well-being," basing their comments, as near as one can tell, only on their opinions. Apparently they do not object to political agendas after all." (DECI, 2000, pp. 344)
Je vous la fais "pro" jusqu'au bout :
Références bibliographiques :
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994, 4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
CARVER, C. S., & SCHEIER, M. F., "Themes and issues in the sell-regulation of behavior" in WYER, R. S. Jr. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999a, pp. 1-105, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
CARVER, C. S., & SCHEIER, M. F., "Several more themes, a lot more issues: Commentary on the commentaries" in WYER, R. S. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999b, pp. 261-302, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
DECI, E. L., The psychology of self-determination, 1980, Lexington, Lexington, MA
DECI, E. L., "The darker and brighter sides of human existence: basic psychological needs as a unifing concept" in Psychological Inquiry, vol. 11, issue 4, 2000, 319-338
DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M., Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, 1985, Plenum, New York
DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M., "A motivational approach to self: integration in personality" in DIENSTBIER, R., Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 38, 1991, Perspectives on motivation, 237-288, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
IYENGAR, S. S., & LEPPER, M. R., "Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 76, 1999, 349-366
KASSER, T., RYAN, R. M., ZAX, M., & SAMEROFFI, J., "The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values" in Developmental Psychology, vol. 31, 1995, 907-914
KOESTNER, R., RYAN, R. M., BERNIERI, F., & HOLT, K., "Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling versus informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity" in Journal of Personality, vol. 52, 1984, 233-248
KOROTKOV, D., "The sense of coherence: Making sense out of chaos" in WONG, T. P. & FRY, P. S. (Eds.), The human quest for meaning, 1998, pp. 51-70, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
RYAN, R. M., "Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development" in JACOBS, J. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation, vol. 40, 1993, pp. 1-56, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
RYAN, R. M., "The integrative tendencies of the human psyche and their relation to motivated behavior and the experience of autonomy" in Journal of Personality, vol. 63, 1995, 397-427
RYAN, R. M., & DECI, E. L., "Approaching and avoiding self determination: Comparing cybernetic and organismic paradigms of motivation" in WYER, R. S. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999, pp. 193-215, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
WHITE, R. W., "Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence" in Psychological Review, 66, 1958, 297-333.
ZUCKERMAN, M., PORAC, J., LATHIN, D., SMITH, R. & DECI, E. L., "On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behavior" in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 1978, 443-446
"The same general issue appeared in Carver and Scheier's suggestion that sociopaths could be autonomous in their deceitful or selfish actions. A wealth of clinical observations attests to the fact that the behaviors of antisocial personalities are not typically autonomous in the sense of being volitional, integrated expressions of the self - indeed they are often impulsive, poorly coordinated, and relatively unregulated by self-reflection. Further, evidence is clear that most persons with antisocial personality have histories involving serious need thwarting during their development. Indeed, it shows, consistent with SDT, that teenagers diagnosed with conduct disorders are likely to have come from homes characterized by excessive control, and low nurturance and warmth (T. Kasser et al., 1995). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV] American Psychiatric Association, 1994) specifically cites parental abuse, neglect, and inconsistent discipline as etiological factors, attesting to the need deficits antisocial individuals have typically faced. Thus, as was the case with Buunk and Nauta' s examples, this example from Carver and Scheier turns out, when carefully examined, to support rather than contradict SDT's position." (DECI, 2000, pp. 339)
6- L'art de négliger les résultats obtenus par soi-même pour mieux enfoncer son adversaire serait apparemment assez répandue ! Du moins dans plusieurs équipes de chercheurs (nooonnn !) :
"Despite this emphasis, four sets of commentators (Andersen et al.; Sansone et al.; Vallerand; Van Lange) either take issue with our statement that relatedness is not proximally necessary for intrinsic motivation in some situations or suggested that relatedness is more important than we indicated. Consider first the proximal necessity of relatedness for intrinsic motivation. Countless studies of intrinsic motivation, some even done by Sansone and colleagues and by Vallerand and colleagues, show high levels of intrinsic motivation in situations in which people worked alone on interesting activities experiencing no relatedness with peers and probably little with the experimenter. It is perhaps because these were the types of studies that dominated the field during the 1970s and early 1980s that relatedness was not linked to intrinsic motivation until later. Our point is that, although we have seen instances of high levels of intrinsic motivation in situations in which there were not proximal supports for relatedness, we have never found instances of people sustaining a high level of intrinsic motivation when they do not experience competence and autonomy. Thus, although some studies indicated that interacting with others and feeling related to them can contribute to intrinsic motivation in various situations, it is also important to recognize that, although people are indeed social animals, they can also have moments of centeredness, excitement, and flow, when engaged in solitary activities." (DECI, 2000, pp. 341)
7- Du bord politique des chercheurs en psychologie et de l'influence sur leurs contributions... BUUNK & NAUTA dans le colimateur ?
"Psychology, Social Responsibility, and Politics. As psychologists, we believe strongly that it is our responsibility not only to undercover and detail basic psychological phenomena but also to consider the relevance of these phenomena for improving the human condition. That belief does not lead us to value-applied research over basic research; indeed, quite the contrary. Nonetheless, we do place value on knowledge that has implications for structuring social circumstances to facilitate wellness or prevent illness, for intervening with oneself through processes such as awareness to accomplish one's goals or to feel more vital, or for informing public policy concerning the well-being of cultures. In part this is simply Baconian logic - the proof of a theory's validity lies in its predictive and practical value.
This belief was the basis for a somewhat critical comment we made about TMT in the target article and for some similar comments herein. Our comment about TMT, in turn, prompted Buunk and Nauta to state that they are "somewhat concerned about the political agenda that researchers working on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation sometimes seem to have" (this issue), apparently interpreting our agenda as anticapitalist. They cite our calling for research that can be used to facilitate "positive social change" and "promote human growth and well-being" (this issue) as examples of the political agendas they find distasteful. Remarkably, after they suggest that it was inappropriate for us to judge a theory in part on the basis of whether it has potential relevance for positive change, they go on to sing the praises of "rigidly following extrinsic motivation, that is, the desire to make money" (this issue) as the route to "people's well-being," basing their comments, as near as one can tell, only on their opinions. Apparently they do not object to political agendas after all." (DECI, 2000, pp. 344)
Je vous la fais "pro" jusqu'au bout :
Références bibliographiques :
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994, 4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
CARVER, C. S., & SCHEIER, M. F., "Themes and issues in the sell-regulation of behavior" in WYER, R. S. Jr. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999a, pp. 1-105, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
CARVER, C. S., & SCHEIER, M. F., "Several more themes, a lot more issues: Commentary on the commentaries" in WYER, R. S. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999b, pp. 261-302, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
DECI, E. L., The psychology of self-determination, 1980, Lexington, Lexington, MA
DECI, E. L., "The darker and brighter sides of human existence: basic psychological needs as a unifing concept" in Psychological Inquiry, vol. 11, issue 4, 2000, 319-338
DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M., Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, 1985, Plenum, New York
DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M., "A motivational approach to self: integration in personality" in DIENSTBIER, R., Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 38, 1991, Perspectives on motivation, 237-288, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
IYENGAR, S. S., & LEPPER, M. R., "Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 76, 1999, 349-366
KASSER, T., RYAN, R. M., ZAX, M., & SAMEROFFI, J., "The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values" in Developmental Psychology, vol. 31, 1995, 907-914
KOESTNER, R., RYAN, R. M., BERNIERI, F., & HOLT, K., "Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling versus informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity" in Journal of Personality, vol. 52, 1984, 233-248
KOROTKOV, D., "The sense of coherence: Making sense out of chaos" in WONG, T. P. & FRY, P. S. (Eds.), The human quest for meaning, 1998, pp. 51-70, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
RYAN, R. M., "Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development" in JACOBS, J. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation, vol. 40, 1993, pp. 1-56, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
RYAN, R. M., "The integrative tendencies of the human psyche and their relation to motivated behavior and the experience of autonomy" in Journal of Personality, vol. 63, 1995, 397-427
RYAN, R. M., & DECI, E. L., "Approaching and avoiding self determination: Comparing cybernetic and organismic paradigms of motivation" in WYER, R. S. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, 1999, pp. 193-215, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ
WHITE, R. W., "Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence" in Psychological Review, 66, 1958, 297-333.
ZUCKERMAN, M., PORAC, J., LATHIN, D., SMITH, R. & DECI, E. L., "On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behavior" in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 1978, 443-446